Passwords are the most commonly used method for user authentication. Passwords are so popular because the logic behind them makes sense to people and they're relatively easy for developers to implement.
However, passwords can also introduce security vulnerabilities. Password crackers are designed to take credential data stolen in a data breach or other hack and extract passwords from it.
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What is password cracking?
A well-designed password-based authentication system doesn't store a user's actual password. This would make it far too easy for a hacker or a malicious insider to gain access to all of the user accounts on the system.
Instead, authentication systems store a password hash, which is the result of sending the password — and a random value called a salt — through a hash function. Hash functions are designed to be one-way, meaning that it is very difficult to determine the input that produces a given output. Since hash functions are also deterministic (meaning that the same input produces the same output), comparing two password hashes (the stored one and the hash of the password provided by a user) is almost as good as comparing the real passwords.
Password cracking refers to the process of extracting passwords from the associated password hash. This can be accomplished in a few different ways:
- Dictionary attack: Most people use weak and common passwords. Taking a list of words and adding a few permutations — like substituting $ for s — enables a password cracker to learn a lot of passwords very quickly.
- Brute-force guessing attack: There are only so many potential passwords of a given length. While slow, a brute-force attack (trying all possible password combinations) guarantees that an attacker will crack the password eventually.
- Hybrid attack: A hybrid attack mixes these two techniques. It starts by checking to see if a password can be cracked using a dictionary attack, then moves on to a brute-force attack if it is unsuccessful.
Most password-cracking or password finder tools enable a hacker to perform any of these types of attacks. This post describes some of the most commonly used password-cracking tools.
1. Hashcat
Hashcat is one of the most popular and widely used password crackers in existence. It is available on every operating system and supports over 300 different types of hashes.
Hashcat enables highly-parallelized password cracking with the ability to crack multiple different passwords on multiple different devices at the same time and the ability to support a distributed hash-cracking system via overlays. Cracking is optimized with integrated performance tuning and temperature monitoring.
Download Hashcat here.
2. John the Ripper
John the Ripper is a well-known free open-source password cracking tool for Linux, Unix and Mac OS X. Smokey robinson songs. A Windows version is also available.
John the Ripper offers password cracking for a variety of different password types. It goes beyond OS passwords to include common web apps (like WordPress), compressed archives, document files (Microsoft Office files, PDFs and so on), and more.
A pro version of the tool is also available, which offers better features and native packages for target operating systems. You can also download Openwall GNU/*/Linux that comes with John the Ripper.
Download John the Ripper here.
3. Brutus
Brutus is one of the most popular remote online password-cracking tools. It claims to be the fastest and most flexible password cracking tool. This tool is free and is only available for Windows systems. It was released back in October 2000.
Brutus supports a number of different authentication types, including:
- HTTP (basic authentication)
- HTTP (HTML Form/CGI)
- POP3
- FTP
- SMB
- Telnet
- IMAP
- NNTP
- NetBus
- Custom protocols
It is also capable of supporting multi-stage authentication protocols and can attack up to sixty different targets in parallel. It also offers the ability to pause, resume and import an attack.
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Brutus has not been updated for several years. However, its support for a wide variety of authentication protocols and ability to add custom modules make it a popular tool for online password cracking attacks.
Get the Brutus password finder online here.
4. Wfuzz
Wfuzz is a web application password-cracking tool like Brutus that tries to crack passwords via a brute-force guessing attack. It can also be used to find hidden resources like directories, servlets and scripts. Wfuzz can also identify injection vulnerabilities within an application such as SQL injection, XSS injection and LDAP injection.
Key features of the Wfuzz password-cracking tool include:
- Injection at multiple points in multiple directories
- Output in colored HTML
- Post, headers and authentication data brute-forcing
- Proxy and SOCK support, multiple proxy support
- Multi-threading
- HTTP password brute-force via GET or POST requests
- Time delay between requests
- Cookie fuzzing
5. THC Hydra
THC Hydra is an online password-cracking tool that attempts to determine user credentials via brute-force password guessing attack. It is available for Windows, Linux, Free BSD, Solaris and OS X.
THC Hydra is extensible with the ability to easily install new modules. It also supports a number of network protocols, including Asterisk, AFP, Cisco AAA, Cisco auth, Cisco enable, CVS, Firebird, FTP, HTTP-FORM-GET, HTTP-FORM-POST, HTTP-GET, HTTP-HEAD, HTTP-PROXY, HTTPS-FORM-GET, HTTPS-FORM-POST, HTTPS-GET, HTTPS-HEAD, HTTP-Proxy, ICQ, IMAP, IRC, LDAP, MS-SQL, MYSQL, NCP, NNTP, Oracle Listener, Oracle SID, Oracle, PC-Anywhere, PCNFS, POP3, POSTGRES, RDP, Rexec, Rlogin, Rsh, SAP/R3, SIP, SMB, SMTP, SMTP Enum, SNMP, SOCKS5, SSH (v1 and v2), Subversion, Teamspeak (TS2), Telnet, VMware-Auth, VNC and XMPP.
Download THC Hydra here.
If you are a developer, you can also contribute to the tool's development.
6. Medusa
Medusa is an online password-cracking tool similar to THC Hydra. It claims to be a speedy parallel, modular and login brute-forcing tool. It supports HTTP, FTP, CVS, AFP, IMAP, MS SQL, MYSQL, NCP, NNTP, POP3, PostgreSQL, pcAnywhere, rlogin, SMB, rsh, SMTP, SNMP, SSH, SVN, VNC, VmAuthd and Telnet.
Medusa is a command-line tool, so some level of command-line knowledge is necessary to use it. Password-cracking speed depends on network connectivity. On a local system, it can test 2,000 passwords per minute.
Medusa also supports parallelized attacks. In addition to a wordlist of passwords to try, it is also possible to define a list of usernames or email addresses to test during an attack.
Read more about this here.
Download Medusa here.
7. RainbowCrack
All password-cracking is subject to a time-memory tradeoff. If an attacker has precomputed a table of password/hash pairs and stored them as a 'rainbow table,' then the password-cracking process is simplified to a table lookup. This threat is why passwords are now salted: adding a unique, random value to every password before hashing it means that the number of rainbow tables required is much larger.
RainbowCrack is a password cracking tool designed to work using rainbow tables. It is possible to generate custom rainbow tables or take advantage of preexisting ones downloaded from the internet. RainbowCrack offers free downloads of rainbow tables for the LANMAN, NTLM, MD5 and SHA1 password systems.
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Download rainbow tables here.
A few paid rainbow tables are also available, which you can buy from here.
This tool is available for both Windows and Linux systems.
Download RainbowCrack here.
8. OphCrack
OphCrack is a free rainbow table-based password cracking tool for Windows. It is the most popular Windows password cracking tool but can also be used on Linux and Mac systems. It cracks LM and NTLM hashes. For cracking Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7, free rainbow tables are also available.
A live CD of OphCrack is also available to simplify the cracking. One can use the Live CD of OphCrack to crack Windows-based passwords. This tool is available for free.
Download OphCrack here.
Download free and premium rainbow tables for OphCrack here.
9. L0phtCrack
L0phtCrack is an alternative to OphCrack. It attempts to crack Windows passwords from hashes. For cracking passwords, it uses Windows workstations, network servers, primary domain controllers and Active Directory. It also uses dictionary and brute-force attacks for generating and guessing passwords. It was acquired by Symantec and discontinued in 2006. Later, L0pht developers again reacquired it and launched L0phtCrack in 2009.
L0phtCrack also comes with the ability to scan routine password security scans. One can set daily, weekly or monthly audits, and it will start scanning at the scheduled time.
Learn about L0phtCrack here.
10. Aircrack-ng
Aircrack-ng is a Wi-Fi password-cracking tool that can crack WEP or WPA/WPA2 PSK passwords. It analyzes wireless encrypted packets and then tries to crack passwords via the dictionary attacks and the PTW, FMS and other cracking algorithms. It is available for Linux and Windows systems. A live CD of Aircrack is also available.
Aircrack-ng tutorials are available here.
Download Aircrack-ng here.
How to create a password that's hard to crack
In this post, we have listed 10 password-cracking tools. These tools try to crack passwords with different password-cracking algorithms. Most of the password cracking tools are available for free. So, you should always try to have a strong password that is hard to crack. These are a few tips you can try while creating a password.
- The longer the password, the harder it is to crack: Password length is the most important factor. The complexity of a brute force password guessing attack grows exponentially with the length of the password. A random seven-character password can be cracked in minutes, while a ten-character one takes hundreds of years.
- Always use a combination of characters, numbers and special characters: Using a variety of characters also makes brute-force password-guessing more difficult, since it means that crackers need to try a wider variety of options for each character of the password. Incorporate numbers and special characters and not just at the end of the password or as a letter substitution (like @ for a).
- Variety in passwords: Credential stuffing attacks use bots to test if passwords stolen from one online account are also used for other accounts. A data breach at a tiny company could compromise a bank account if the same credentials are used. Use a long, random, and unique password for all online accounts.
What to avoid while selecting your password
Cybercriminals and password cracker developers know all of the 'clever' tricks that people use to create their passwords. A few common password mistakes that should be avoided include:
- Using a dictionary word: Dictionary attacks are designed to test every word in the dictionary (and common permutations) in seconds.
- Using personal information: A pet's name, relative's name, birthplace, favorite sport and so on are all dictionary words. Even if they weren't, tools exist to grab this information from social media and build a wordlist from it for an attack.
- Using patterns: Passwords like 1111111, 12345678, qwerty and asdfgh are some of the most commonly used ones in existence. They're also included in every password cracker's wordlist.
- Using character substitutions: Character substitutions like 4 for A and $ for S are well-known. Dictionary attacks test for these substitutions automatically.
- Using numbers and special characters only at the end: Most people put their required numbers and special characters at the end of the password. These patterns are built into password crackers.
- Using common passwords: Every year, companies like Splashdata publish lists of the most commonly used passwords. They create these lists by cracking breached passwords, just like an attacker would. Never use the passwords on these lists or anything like them.
- Using anything but a random password: Passwords should be long, random, and unique. Use a password manager to securely generate and store passwords for online accounts.
Conclusion
Password-cracking tools are designed to take the password hashes leaked during a data breach or stolen using an attack and extract the original passwords from them. They accomplish this by taking advantage of the use of weak passwords or by trying every potential password of a given length.
Password finders can be used for a variety of different purposes, not all of them bad. While they're commonly used by cybercriminals, security teams can also use them to audit the strength of their users' passwords and assess the risk of weak passwords to the organization.
Brute force password cracker and breaking tools are sometimes necessary when you lose your password. There are other cases as well, such as white hat penetration testing or possibly testing the strength of your own passwords.
Password crackers that can brute force passwords by trying a large amount of queries pulled from a .txt or .csv file are available across all operating systems.
Windows Brute Force Password Cracker's
If you are not a native Linux or Unix user you may wish to brute force passwords on your windows operating system.
Ophcrack
Download Ophcrack
Ophcrack for windows is an excellent option for brute forcing passwords and cracking.
As stated by the developers:
Ophcrack is a free Windows password cracker based on rainbow tables. It is a very efficient implementation of rainbow tables done by the inventors of the method. It comes with a Graphical User Interface and runs on multiple platforms including Windows.
Ophcrack has a lot of advantages compared to other methods employed by most password crackers.
- Bootable from Live Disc or Live USB
- Excel and .csv exports
- Fast brute force password cracker
- Fully open-source and free
- Windows sample password file
- Brute forces LM and NTLM hashes
Brutus
Download Brutus
Are you are looking for lightning fast and windows only password cracking software? Brutus is you answer.
Brutus uses a technique called time memory trade off which allows for large multi-threaded brute forcing attacks all at once.
Brutus like Ophcrack requires you to use rainbow tables for brute force password cracking. You can go a few routes to obtain rainbow tables.
- Rainbow tables can be generated yourself and collected over time.
- Free sets of rainbow tables can also be grabbed here: http://project-rainbowcrack.com/table.htm
- As a last resort or for a bit more data rainbow tables are available for purchase at http://www.osforensics.com/rainbowtables_hashsets.html and http://project-rainbowcrack.com/buy.php
Cain and Able
Download Cain and Able
Cain and Able is not only a password cracker but and overall excellent network security tool.
Oxid.it the creators of Cain and Able detail the software as,
Cain & Abel is a password recovery tool for Microsoft Operating Systems. It allows easy recovery of various kind of passwords by sniffing the network, cracking encrypted passwords using Dictionary, Brute-Force and Cryptanalysis attacks, recording VoIP conversations, decoding scrambled passwords, recovering wireless network keys, revealing password boxes, uncovering cached passwords and analyzing routing protocols.
As you can see Cain and Able opens up many more options and methods for obtaining passwords to crack and brute forcing them.
Linux Password Cracking Software
Linux is widely known as a common OS for security professionals and students. Linux has the most brute force password cracking software available compared to any OS and will give you endless options.
John the Ripper
Download John the Ripper
John the Ripper is compatible with Linux, Unix and fully able to brute force Windows LM hashes. Although, John the Ripper is not directly suited to Windows. This software is extremely fast at brute force cracking Linux and Unix NTLM hashes.
John the Ripper Pro is also available for business facing users that would like the software tailored to their operating system. The free JtR will work very well for the average user.
So is John the Ripper any Good?
Yes. Here is just a few of their credentials and reputable organizations that they are involved in:
John the Ripper is part of Owl, Debian GNU/Linux, EnGarde Linux, Gentoo Linux, Mandriva Linux, and SUSE Linux. It is in the ports/packages collections of FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD.
John the Ripper is a registered project with Open Hub and it is listed at SecTools.
Medusa
Download Medusa
Medusa is a variation of the THC Hydra cracking software. Medusa has many advantages by being a speedy parallel, modular and login brute forcing tool.
Medusa speed really brings a great amount of appeal to the password cracking suite but the best feature of Medusa is their ability to run across a wide array of platforms and services.
Medusa supports:
- HTTP
- FTP
- SSH
- AFP
- IMAP
- MS SQL
- MYSQL
- NCP
- NNTP
- POP3
- PostgreSQL
- pcAnywhere
- rlogin,
- Telnet
- rsh
- SMTP
- SNMP
- CVS
- VNC
- VmAuthd
- SMB
- SV
Medusa's parallel attacks are a truly unique option for pen-testers and hackers to utilize. With Medusa you are able to supply both a username file and a password file to attack both concurrently.
So how do I use Medusa brute force password cracking software? Simply entering 'medusa' without any options into your terminal will return every one of the parameters it accepts along with their specific descriptions.
Need to crack more than one password? Medusa is your answer.
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